مهاجرت از طریق سرمایه‌گذاری در سان مارینو: مزایای مالیاتی، مسیرهای اقامت و راهنمای ۲۰۲۶

Republic overview

San Marino is a 61-square-kilometer microstate entirely surrounded by Italy. With roughly 33,000 residents and more than 5,000 incorporated businesses, it has one of the highest company-to-population ratios in Europe. The republic is governed by two Captains Regent who serve six-month terms, a system unchanged since the 1200s.

Despite its size, San Marino maintains a stable economy driven by tourism, manufacturing, and financial services. Around 12,000 cross-border workers commute daily from Italy, reflecting the republic’s integrated economic relationship with its sole neighbor. The S&P sovereign credit rating was upgraded to BBB+/A-2 in August 2025, signaling growing international confidence.

توضیح مهم: San Marino is نیستم a member of the Schengen Area or the European Union. However, it shares an open border with Italy (which is both an EU and Schengen member), so residents move freely between the two countries in practice. An EU Association Agreement was signed in December 2023 alongside Andorra and Monaco. Ratification by the EU Parliament, Council, and individual member states is ongoing, with entry into force expected no earlier than mid-2026.

Residency routes for investors and entrepreneurs

Economic residency

This is the primary route for business investors. To qualify, you must hold a 51 percent or greater stake in a San Marino company operating in an approved sector such as technology, green economy, tourism, trade, art, or pharmaceuticals. You also need to create between one and three resident jobs (five for higher-tier permits).

The financial requirement is a secured bank deposit at a supervised San Marino institution: €75,000 initially, rising to €150,000 within two years. This deposit can be substituted by a bank or insurance guarantee, or by qualifying real estate with a lien registered in favor of the state.

Elective residency

For individuals who do not plan to run a business, San Marino offers an elective residency route. This requires either purchasing real estate worth at least €500,000 or investing €600,000 in 10-year non-interest-bearing government bonds. The same 270-day annual presence requirement applies.

Atypical Tax Residency

This newer route is designed for high-net-worth individuals with significant foreign income. Applicants must maintain physical presence for at least 183 days per year and pay a flat 7 percent substitute tax on foreign-source income. The annual tax obligation is capped between a minimum of €10,000 and a maximum of €100,000, making it predictable for financial planning.

This route provides a path to permanent residence after 10 years. It is particularly attractive for retirees, investors, and professionals whose income comes primarily from outside San Marino. Compared to similar programs in Andorra, Monaco, and Italy’s own flat-tax regime, the 7 percent rate and lower presence requirement make it a competitive option in southern Europe.

Retiree residency (updated November 2024)

A November 2024 Delegated Decree significantly raised the requirements for retiree residency. Applicants must now demonstrate minimum annual income of €120,000 (previously €50,000) and hold at least €300,000 in financial assets at a San Marino bank. This 140 percent increase in the income threshold reflects the republic’s effort to attract higher-value residents.

Permanent residence and citizenship

Permanent residence is available after 10 years of continuous legal residence while maintaining the original permit conditions. Citizenship requires 30 years of continuous residence and mandates renunciation of all other nationalities. San Marino does not allow dual citizenship and has no citizenship-by-investment program.

نمای کلی سیستم مالیاتی

مالیات بر درآمد شرکت

The standard corporate income tax (CIT) rate is 17 percent on domestic-source income. San Marino offers two significant incentive regimes for new businesses.

مالیات بر درآمد شخصی

San Marino applies a progressive personal income tax across eight brackets, ranging from 9 percent to 35 percent.

Withholding taxes and capital gains

Dividends paid to non-resident individuals are subject to a 5 percent withholding tax, while dividends to non-resident legal entities are tax-free. Holders of elective residency permits benefit from a reduced 3 percent rate on dividends. Interest on bonds is subject to a 4 percent withholding tax for atypical tax residents.

Capital gains on shares held for more than 12 months are exempt from tax. Cryptocurrency gains are exempt if the digital assets were held for more than six months. A foreign tax credit is available, capped by the ratio of foreign revenue to total revenue.

Indirect tax (IGC)

San Marino does not levy VAT. Instead, it applies the Imposta Generale sui Consumi (IGC), a single-phase consumption tax. The standard rate is 17 percent, with a 6 percent reduced rate for food, books, and medicines, and a 2 percent super-reduced rate for cultural goods. Financial services, education, healthcare, and exports are exempt.

شبکه پیمان مالیات مضاعف

San Marino has signed 23 double tax treaties based on the OECD model. Key treaty partners include Italy, Switzerland, Austria, Germany, France, the United Kingdom, Singapore, the UAE, Qatar, Malta, Cyprus, and the Seychelles. The republic also participates in the Common Reporting Standard (CRS), having signed the Multilateral Competent Authority Agreement in October 2014 with automatic exchange of information commencing in September 2017.

تشکیل شرکت و بانکداری

Company types and registration

The two main company structures for foreign investors are the S.r.l. (limited liability company) and the S.p.A. (joint stock company). The S.r.l. requires minimum share capital of €25,500, while the S.p.A. requires €77,000. In both cases, 50 percent of the capital must be paid within the first 60 to 120 days, with the remainder due within three years.

Foreign ownership of up to 100 percent is permitted for standard S.r.l. and S.p.A. structures. A local director is not required; non-residents may serve as directors, though criminal background documentation is mandatory. Registration involves a notary deed followed by official registration, after which an online business license is issued immediately. The overall timeline is faster than most European jurisdictions.

A statutory auditor is mandatory when share capital reaches €77,000 or revenues exceed €2 million for two consecutive years. A board of statutory auditors (three to five members, majority San Marino-resident) is required when revenues exceed €7.3 million for two consecutive years.

Banking for foreign investors

San Marino’s banking sector is supervised by the Central Bank of San Marino (CBSM). The three main banks serving foreign clients are Cassa di Risparmio della Repubblica di San Marino S.p.A., Banca di San Marino S.p.A., and Banca Agricola Commerciale (BAC). Account opening typically requires residency documentation, proof of economic activity, and standard KYC/AML checks.

If you are exploring business structures across multiple jurisdictions, our خدمات ثبت شرکت can help you compare Armenia’s streamlined incorporation process with San Marino’s requirements. For investors evaluating tax residency options, see our guide to مالیات در ارمنستان.

چارچوب حفاظت از دارایی‌ها

San Marino has developed a trust law framework providing legal recognition for domestic and foreign trusts. The republic’s civil law system, combined with its sovereign status and banking secrecy traditions (now moderated by CRS compliance), creates a layered asset protection environment.

The capital gains exemption for shares held more than 12 months and the crypto exemption for holdings exceeding six months further support long-term wealth structuring strategies. Investment funds domiciled in San Marino may benefit from favorable tax treatment, though specific exemptions should be confirmed with local counsel.

Real estate and investment environment

Property ownership is available to residents, with real estate serving as both a residence qualification tool (€500,000 for elective residency) and an alternative to the bank deposit requirement for economic residency. The compact size of the republic means property supply is limited, which tends to support valuations over time.

For investors considering property-based residency programs across the region, our اقامت از طریق سرمایه گذاری page compares Armenia’s program with other European options. Armenia’s investment thresholds are substantially lower, starting from AMD 25 million (approximately USD 63,000).

تنظیمات Cryptocurrency

San Marino has recognized and regulated cryptocurrency since 2019. Tokens are legally recognized, and exchanges and custodians operate under licenses supervised by both the CBSM and the Information Technology Authority (AIF).

Delegated Decree No. 138 of August 29, 2024, titled “Regulation of Technologies Based on Distributed Ledgers,” entered into force on October 2, 2024. This decree establishes the legal framework for distributed ledger technologies and aligns San Marino’s approach with the EU’s Markets in Crypto-Assets (MiCA) regulation, although San Marino is not formally subject to MiCA until the EU Association Agreement enters into force.

For tax purposes, individual crypto holders pay the standard progressive PIT rates (9 to 35 percent), while corporate holders pay the 17 percent CIT rate. Crypto transactions are not subject to the IGC consumption tax. As noted above, gains on digital assets held for more than six months are exempt from capital gains tax.

ثبات سیاسی و اقتصادی

San Marino’s governance structure dates back to 1263. The dual-head-of-state system with rotating six-month terms has provided centuries of political continuity. The republic uses the euro as its official currency (by monetary agreement with the EU) and maintains conservative fiscal policy, reflected in the S&P BBB+/A-2 rating.

The economy is diversified across manufacturing, services, and tourism, with a significant banking sector. San Marino’s compact size means government decision-making is responsive and business-friendly, with direct access to regulatory authorities that larger jurisdictions cannot match.

How San Marino compares with competing jurisdictions

San Marino occupies a distinct niche among European micro-jurisdictions. Monaco charges no income tax but has extremely high living costs and property prices. Andorra offers a 10 percent flat personal income tax with lower real estate thresholds. Liechtenstein provides strong asset protection but higher corporate tax rates. Gibraltar offers a 15 percent CIT with territorial taxation but faces post-Brexit regulatory uncertainty.

San Marino’s competitive advantages are the StartUp regime (0 percent CIT for three years), the Atypical Tax Residency with its 7 percent flat rate on foreign income, and practical access to the Italian and wider EU market through the open border. The main drawbacks are the 270-day presence requirement and the 30-year path to citizenship without dual nationality.

For professionals and entrepreneurs who want a European base with lower entry costs, Armenia offers مجوزهای اقامت موقت و دائم with faster processing and no minimum investment for the standard path. The ویزای دیجیتال عشایری provides a flexible option for remote workers who need a legal base without the high presence requirements.

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